第二章：保险单
郭国汀
【关键词】海上
保险法、保险单
【全文】
陈剖建译 冯立奇、郭国汀校
绕航(Deviation)
当一艘船舶从她的启运港驶往目的港途中，经由一条不正常或不适当的路线时，即构成绕航。绕航应区别于船舶一开始即按有别于保险单载明的航线航行，或船舶开航后改变航程的航行，它完全放弃了按保险单清单所载明航程航行的所有的意图。对绕航的后果1906年《海上
保险法》第
46条作了规定：
“46.(1)Where a ship, without lawful excuse, deviates from the voyage contemplated by the policy, the insurer is discharged from liability as from the time of deviation , and it is immaterial that the ship may have returmed to her route before any loss occurs.
(2) There is a deviation from the voyage contemplated by the policy-Where the course of the voyage is specifically disignated by the policy, and that course is departed from, or (b)Where the course of the voyage is not specifically designated by the policy,but the usual and customary course is departed from.
(46．（1）在没有合法理由的情况下，船舶驶离保险单预期的航线，保险人自船舶绕航之时起即免除责任，在任何损失发生前，船舶可能已回到原航线，则无关紧要。
(2)下列情节构成船舶驶离保险单预期航线的绕航 (a) 如果保险单明确地指定航程的路线，而船舶驶离了该航线； 如果保险单未明确指定航程的路线，则从船舶驶离了通常和习惯上的航线；s.42(1)and (2),Marine Insurance Act 1906.
意图绕航无关紧要；必须事实上绕航，才能免除保险人合同项下的责任。
保险人自船舶绕航时起即解除其责任。应当注意，仅是意图绕航并不产生后果。绕航是否增加了保险人的风险无关紧要。
1906年《海上
保险法》第
47条处理一个航次有数个卸货港的情形：
“47.(1)Where several ports of discharge are specified by the policy, the ship may proceed to all or any of them, but, in the absence of any usage or sufficient cause to the contrary, she must proceed to them , or such of them as she goes to, in the order designated by the policy. If she does not, there is a deviation.(2)Where the policy is to ‘ports of discharge’within a given area, which are not named , the ship must, in the absence of any usage or sufficient cause to the contrary, proceed to them, or such of them as she goes to, in their geographical order,If she does not there is a deviation.”
(47．（1）在保险单载明数个卸货港之场合，船舶可以驶往全部或其中的任何港口，但若无任习惯或与此相反的足够的理由，船舶必须按照保险单指定的次序，顺序驶经各港口或其中几个港口。如果她违反上述次序，即构成绕航。（2）在保险单载明某区域内数个卸货港口，但未指明各卸货港名之情况下，若无任何习惯或与此相反的足够的理由，船舶必须按照他们的地理顺序，驶经各港口或其中的几个港口。假如她违反上述顺序，即构成绕航。）
航程迟延（delay）
如上所述，如果航程未在合理时间内开始，保险人有权解除合同。关于航程本身，1906年《海上
保险法》第
48条规定：
48.In the case of a voyage policy, the adventure insured must be prosecuted throughout its course with reasonable despatch , and , if without lawful excuse it is not so prosecuted, the insurer is discharged from liabibility as from the time when the delay became unreasonable.
(48. 在航次保险单的情况下，承保的冒险在整个过程中，必须合理迅速地持续进行，若无合法的理由，而未能如此继续进行，保险人自迟延变得不合理之时起免除责任。)
航程在其整个过程中是否合理迅速地持续进行，经常总是一个事实问题。（1906年《海上
保险法》第
88条）
允许的绕航或延迟(Excuses for deviation or delay).在航程持续进行中的绕航或延迟，在一定情况下可以在允许。1906年《海上
保险法》第
49条规定了如下情形：
“49.(1)Deviation or delay in prosecuting the voyage contemplated by the policy is excused (a)Where arthorised by any special term in the policy ;or (b) Where caused by circumstances beyond the control of the master and his employer;or (c) Where reasonably necessary in order to comply with an express or implied warranty;or (d) Where reasonably necessary for the safety of the ship or subject-matter insured; or (e) For the purpose of saving human life, or aiding a ship in distress where human life may be in danger; or (f) Where reasonably necessary for the purpose of obtaining medical or surgical aid for any person on board the ship;or(g) Where caused by the barratrous conduct of the master or crew, if barratry be one of the perils insured against.
(2) When the cause excuse excusing the deviation or delay ceases to operate, the ship must resume her course, and prosecute her voyage, with reasonable despatch.”
(49．（1）船舶在进行保险单预期的航次中，下述绕航或延迟可允许：
(a) 保险单中任何特别条款授权许可者，或
(b) 船长和其雇员不能控制的情况造成的；或
(c) 为遵循明示或默示保证所合理必须的； 或
(d) 为船舶和保险标的的安全所合理必要的；或
(e) 为了救助人命或为援助有人命危险的遇难船舶；或
(f) 为船上任何人员及时得到内、外科治疗所合理必要的；或
(g) 如果“船长、船员恶意损害被保险人利益的行为”系承保风险，由于该恶意行为造成的。
（2）一旦允许绕航或迟延的原因停止作用，船舶必须合理尽速地回复原航线并继续其航程。）
大多数许可绕航和迟延的可原谅的理由都是不言而喻的,但对每一种理由稍加解释说明或许有所帮助,兹按顺序逐项解释:
(a)“保险单中任何特别条款授权许可者”并非具有此种性质的所有条款都被视为该条第1款(a)项所指的 “特别”之义.对于在旧S。G保险单中的词语“航行驶往及停靠、挂靠任何港口…不损害本保险单”（to preoceeds and sail to and touch and stay at any port whatsoever… without prejudice to this insurance）这些含义广泛的词语基于1523年Florentive 保险单的条款，该条款以含义更广的语言允许船舶按照某种不恒定的路线(butterfly course)“依船长的意愿，按他的要求挂靠任何其他地方，往左或向右，朝前或向后航行。”(to touch at any other place, and to navigate forwards or backwards, to the right or the left, at the captain’s pleasure, and to do all his reequirements.)在这种自由赋予英国早期保险单得“停靠和挂靠”自由之场合，通过其严格的适用，被严格地限于该航次的主要目的，Mansfield 勋爵在他早期的判决中强调了此点。
