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【注释】 * 本文由作者的博士学位论文第二章第三节改写而成，感谢贺卫方教授的精心指导。与汪丁丁教授的讨论也使我获益匪浅。本文的写作得到北京大学“985”计划的资助。
按照1998年诺贝尔经济学奖得主阿玛蒂亚·森的看法，二十世纪社会科学领域真正重要的成果就是博弈论与社会选择理论。
指满足如下两个性质：完全性：在任何两个备选社会方案 之间，对“至少不差于”关系 （可以据之定义严格好于关系 和无差异关系 ），有 ）；传递性：在任何三个备选社会方案 之间，如果 ，则 。
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