海上阻禁作为倡议所特有的措施,我国对之持保留态度,因为我国从一开始就没有加入倡议。用外交部发言人的话说,“我们对PSI可能会在国际法允许范围以外采取武力拦截有所担忧”,“对开展这样的活动有保留。”[52]这里尽管没有直接提及海上阻禁,但它无疑是我国主要关切之所在。就在倡议宣布后不久,《人民日报》评论指出,“PSI似乎表明,阻禁将是系统的,可以扩展到公海。这种阻禁引起了合法性关切。”[53]在2004年第五届中美军控、裁军与防扩散会议上,中方代表说:“我们注意到了先发制人打击和海上拦截行动。这些行动……并不完全符合国际法。”[54]我国的这种立场如果说在倡议初始阶段是无可挑剔的话,那么在当前中美建立和发展积极合作全面关系以及奥巴马制度化倡议及其防扩散与核裁军新政引起新局面的形势下,是否有必要予以重新审视并考虑适时加入,[55]仍然是一个值得认真研究的问题。
本文系国家社科基金项目“我国和平发展中的自卫权适用问题研究”(06BFX061)和中国人民大学法学院中青年项目成果之一。
【作者简介】
余民才,法学博士,中国人民大学法学院副教授。
【注释】See Bureau of International Security and Nonproliferation ,“Proliferation Security Initiative Frequently Asked Questions”, May 26, 2008, http://www.state.gov/t/np/rls/fs/32725.htm.
See The White House, Office of the Press Secretary,“The Proliferation Security Initiative: Statement of Interdiction Principles”, September 4, 2003, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/rls/fs/23764.htm.
See ISN,“Calendar of Events”, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c27700.htm,2010年11月8日访问。
这11个国家是:巴拿马、利比里亚、巴哈马、克罗地亚、马耳他、塞浦路斯、马绍尔群岛、伯利兹、蒙古、圣文森特和格林纳丁斯以及安提瓜与巴布达。See“Ship Boarding Agreements”, http://www.state.gov/t/isn/c27733.htm。2010年11月8日访问。
参见《海洋和海洋法:秘书长的报告》,A/63/63, 10 March 2008,第72段。
See Walter Gary Sharp, Sr.,“Proliferation Security Initiative: the Legacy of Operation Socotora”, 16 Transnational Law and Contemporary Problems , p. 1015.
截止2010年10月31日,批准议定书的国家和国际组织有103个,http://www.iaea.org/OurWork/SV/Safeguards/sgprotocol.html,2010年11月9日访问。
同注。
参见S/RES/1835(2008),2008年9月27日;S/RES/1718(2006),2006年10月14日。
参见《第十八次缔约国会议的报告》,SPLOS/184,21 July 2008,第110段。
See Samuel E. Logan,“The Proliferation Security Initiative: Navigating the Legal Challenges”, 14 Journal of Transnational Law & Policy , pp. 259-262.
See Jack I. Garvey,“The International Institutional Imperative for Countering the Spread of Weapons of Mass Destruction: Assessing the Proliferation Security Initiative”, 10 Journal of Conflict & Security Law , p.131.
See Michael A. Becker,“The Shifting Public Order of the Oceans: Freedom of Navigation and the Interdiction of Ships at Sea”, 16 Harvard International Law Journal , pp. 194-195.
“Uniform Interpretation of Rules of International Law Governing Innocent Passage”, September 23, 1989, U. S. -U. S. S. R., 28 International Legal Materials , pp. 1444-1446.
参见《安全理事会第1540(2004)号决议所设委员会的报告》,S/2008/493, 30 July 2008,第6-10、36-41页。
R.R. Churchill & A. V. Lowe, The Law of the Sea, 3 ed., Manchester University Press, 1999, pp.65-67.
See Mark R. Shulman,“The Proliferation Security Initiative and the Evolution of the Law on the Use of Force”, 28 Houston Journal of International Law , p. 808.
同注,第264页。
同注,第74段。
See David Freestone, Richard Barnes and David M Ong, The Law of the Sea: Progress and Prospects, Oxford University Press, 2006, pp. 353-356.
同注,第194-195页。
同注,第78段。
同注,第127段。
同注。
参见《海洋和海洋法:秘书长的报告》,A/58/65, 3 March 2003,第85段。
同注,第117、216段。
See Philipp Wendel, State Responsibility for Interferences with the Freedom of Navigation in Public International Law, Springer, 2007, p. 35.
同注,第803页。
See John R. Bolton,“The Proliferation Security Initiative: a Vision Becomes Reality”, May 31, 2004, at http://www.state.gov/t/us/rm/33046pf. htm.
Press Secretary Ari Fleischer,“Press Briefing: Missile Ship, WMD Strategy, Chile, Turkey/EU”, December 11, 2002, http://www.whitehouse.gov/news/releases/2002/12/20021211-5.html.
See Michael E. Beck,“The Promise and Limits of the PSI”, Monitor, Spring 2004, p. 16.
“North Korean TV says Missile Exports‘Sovereign Right’”, BBC Monitoring Asia Pacific, September 16, 2003.
同注。
See Burr Herman,“Searches of N. Korean Ships Sticky Issue”, October 18, 2006, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/10/18/AR2006101801016.html.
See“N. Korea Ships Face more Scrutiny”, BBC, June 11, 2003.
L. Hodgkinson, Edward Cook, Challenges to Maritime Interception Operations in the War on Terror: Bridging the Gap, 22 American University International Law Review , p. 641.
同注。
See Matthew Allen Fitzgerald,“Seizing Weapons of Mass Destruction from Foreign- Flagged Ships on the High Seas Under Article 51 of the UN Charter”, 49 Virginia Journal of International Law , p. 483.
See Case concerning Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua (Nicaragua v. United States of America), ICJ Reports 1986, paras. 106, 108, 195.
同注,第195-196和199段。
同注,第217页。
参见《防止恐怖分子获取大规模毁灭性武器的措施》,A/61/171, 21 July 2006。
同注,第820页。
同注。
See Mark J. Valencia,“The Proliferation Security Initiative: A Glass Half- Full”, 37 Arms Control Today , p. 21.
Emma Belcher,“Throwing Out the Bathwater, but Keeping the Baby”, The Huffington Post, November 20, 2008.
“Lugar introduces legislation to improve Nunn- Lugar program”, Thursday, April 23, 2009, http://www.flwzdq.com/gwzhengfujigou/fa23599/index.htm.
See Obama and Biden,“Confronting 21st Century Threats”, http://www.barackobama.com/pdf/issues/foreign-policy/Fact-Sheet-21st-Century-Threats.pdf.
The White House Office of the Press Secretary,“Remarks by President Barack Obama”, Prague, April 5, 2009, Http://Www.Whitehouse.Gov/The-Press-Office/Remarks-BY-President- Barack-Obama-In-Prague-As-Delivered.
同注。
See Admiral Gary Roughead,“Navy FY 2010 Posture Statement”, 14 May 2009, http://armedservices.house.gov/pdfs/FC051409/Roughead-Testimony051409.pdf.
《2004年10月26日外交部发言人章启月在例行记者会上答记者问》,载外交部网http://www.fmprc.gov.cn/chn/gxh/tyb/fyrbt/t167110.htm,2010年6月11日访问。
No Legal Grounds for Stopping N. Korean Ships, People''s Daily, July 12, 2003,载人民日报网http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/200307/12/eng20030712-120082.shtml,2010年6月11日访问。
Li Jing,“Nations to team up on arms control”, China Daily, July 21, 2004.
参见余民才:《对我国关于〈防扩散安全倡议〉立场之重新审视》,载《法商研究》2009年第6期。