2.采纳“理性人”规则判定仲裁员的公正性并据此决定仲裁员是否需要回避。借鉴美国的规定,在判定一名仲裁员是否应当回避时,宜采用“理性人”规则。也即当仲裁员与案件或者当事人之间的利害关系使一个具备理性的人对仲裁员的公正性产生合理怀疑,仲裁员就应当回避。
【作者简介】
郭玉军,武汉大学国际法研究所教授,博士研究生导师;胡秀娟,武汉大学博士研究生,武汉理工大学文法学院教师。
【注释】9U.S.C.§10(a)2000.
See Christopher R.Drahozal,John M,Commercial Arbitration:Cases and Problems(Second Edition),Matthew Bender & Co.,2007,pp.382—387.
Commonwealth Coatings Corp.v.Continental Casualty Co.,393 US.145(1968).
See Lorraine M Brennan,High Courts Declines to Address Arbitrator Bias Standard,New York Law Journal,Monday,October 1,2007.http://www.Nylj.com,visited on October 12,2007.
所谓调卷令(certiorari),在美国是指上诉法院签发给下级法院要求将某一案件的诉讼记录移交给其审查的一种特别令状。联邦最高法院将调卷令用作其选择复审案件的工具。
同注。
See Merrick T.Rossein & Jennifer Hope,Disclosure and Disqualification Standards for Neutral Arbitrators:How Far to Cast the Net and What is Sufficient to Vacate Award,ST.John’s Law Review,Vol.81:203,2007,p.212.
Cook Industries,Inc v C Itoh & Co(America)Inc,449 F 2d 106,107—8(2d Cir.1971),cert denied,405 US 921,92 SCt 957,30L Ed 2d 792(1972).
20F 3d 1043,1046(9th Cir.1994).
714 F 2d 673(7th Cir.1983),cert denied,464 US 1009(1983).
See AS Rau,On Integrity in Private Judging,14 Arbitration International,1998,p.157.
See Hong—Lin Yun&LAURENCE SHORE,Independence,Impartiality,and Immunity of Arbitrators—US and England Perspectives,International and Comparative Law Quarterly,Vol.52,October 2003,p.948.
748 F 2d 79(2d Cir.1984).
879 F 2d 1344,1358(6th Cir.1989).
324 F.3d 42,50(1 st Cir.2003).
146 F.3d 1309,1311(11th Cir.1998).
173 F.3d 493,495—96(4th Cir.1999).
See Heinsz & Timothy,Revised Uniform Arbitration Act:An Overview,The Dispute Resolution Journal,May—Jul 2001.pp.28—39.
修改后的统一
仲裁法只允许因中立仲裁员“明显不公”而撤销裁决。对其的注释认为中立仲裁员的公正性要求高于当事人所选定的非中立仲裁员。因此,“明显不公”只适用于中立仲裁员。
See O.Russel Murray,Shifting from an Actual Bias to an Appearance of Bias,ADR Disclosure Standard by Commercial Business Litigation,Vol.7 No.2 Winter 2006.http://www.adrcom.com,visited on December 1,2007.
Applied Industrial Materials Corp.v.Ovalar Makine Ticaret Ve Sanayi AS,2007 WL 1964955(2d Cir.July9,2007).
Positive Software Solutions,Inc.V.New Century Mortgage Corp.,337F.Supp.2d 862,866—7(N.D.Tex.2004),aff’d,436 F.3d 495(5th cir.2006),rev’d,476 F.3d 278(5th cir.2007)。
所谓全院审理(en banc),是指法院全体法官审理和裁决案件的制度,区别于通常的由法院部分法官审理案件的制度。美国联邦和州上诉法院一般只委派三名法官主持上诉审,但对特别重要的案件进行审理或者重审时,当事人可以申请全院审理。
同注。
同注。
L.E..Foster and S.R.Cappel,the Fifth Circuit’s Positive Software Solutions v.New Century Mortgage—Underscoring the Need for a Positive Solution to Arbitrator Disclosure for a New Century,Transnational Dispute Management,Vol.4,Issue 5,September,2007.http://www.transnational—dispute—management.com//,visited on January 1,2008.