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国外矿产开发中资源生态环境补偿法律机制管窥

  (四)完善、灵活的补偿制度
  
  资源生态环境补偿法律的实施需要相应的制度设计。制度设计得当,就可以收到良好的实施效果。国外有关矿产资源开发中资源生态环境补偿的立法中包含了完善、灵活的补偿制度,主要有环境影响评价制度、权利金制度、环境恢复保证金制度、排污收费制度、排污权交易制度、矿山环境监督检查制度与公众参与制度等。环评制度与矿业权的取得相联系,旨在提高矿业权人的环保意识与事前防范意识。权利金制度、复垦保证金制度、排污收费制度与排污权交易制度将资源生态环境保护与排污者的经济利益结合起来,有助于增强矿业权人“资源有价”,“污染者付费”、“破坏者补偿”意识。一方面激励开发经营者善待自然,保护环境,另一方面从资金上保证恢复生态环境的成本落到实处。矿山环境监督检查制度有利于强化矿山环保政策和措施的实施,提高执法效率,同时也有助于增强环境监督机构的执法能力。公众参与制度旨在通过公众的广泛参与,形成全社会共管共促环保局面,强化矿业企业的社会责任,同时使生态环境受害者的合法权益得到补偿。
  
  资源耗竭、环境污染与资源型区域转型困难是世界各国在矿产资源开发过程中所面临的共性问题,为了减少或降低这些负面影响,各国引入了为生态环境付费的理念,纷纷出台相应的政策措施和法律制度对稀缺性资源的耗损、矿区生态环境的破坏与资源型区域发展能力的衰退进行补偿,并取得了良好的成效。这些政策与立法实践将对构架我国矿产开发中资源生态环境补偿机制提供有益的借鉴和参考。实际上,我国早在20多年前就提出了资源生态环境补偿机制的构想,近年来党中央加大了这方面的政策导向,如,2005年,温家宝总理在第十届全国代表大会第三次会议的《政府工作报告》中提出:“加强矿产资源开发管理,整顿和规范矿产资源开发秩序,完善资源开发利用补偿机制和生态环境恢复补偿机制”,强调了矿产开发中的资源补偿、生态补偿、环境补偿并重的原则。2008年,胡锦涛总书记在党的十七大报告中指出“实行有利于科学发展的财税制度,建立健全资源有偿使用制度和生态环境补偿机制”、“帮助资源枯竭地区实现经济转型”。2009年,温家宝总理在《政府工作报告》进一步指出:“加快建立健全矿产资源有偿使用制度和生态补偿机制,积极开展排污权交易试点”、“促进矿产资源枯竭型城市经济转型”。我们有理由相信,有党中央正确的政策导向,国外成功经验为借鉴模式,各职能部门积极响应,各地方政府、企业主动配合,我国将会在不久的将来寻找到一个符合中国国情的资源生态环境补偿机制。
【作者简介】

曹霞,女,山西财经大学法学院教授,硕士生导师。


【注释】此文是作者参与在研的国家发改委“十二五”前期规划重大问题研究招标项目——“矿产开发中的资源生态环境补偿机制研究”的部分成果,在此对相关人员仅表谢忱!
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