(三)就业歧视形态和责任认定制度
我国就业促进法第3条虽明文禁止就业歧视，但对于就业歧视的类型并无规范，缺乏相关规范的结果亦可能会造成雇主透过间接歧视的方式来掩饰其就业歧视行为。反观英国，雇主的就业歧视形态分为直接歧视、间接歧视、骚扰、使人受害等四种情况，对雇主可能存在的歧视行为进行了全面规范。此外英国的就业歧视法制并非不顾实际需要地全面性禁止就业歧视行为，雇主若可证明其直接歧视或间接歧视行为系基于真实职业资格、积极行动方案或其他正当事由，则该行为并不会违法。目前我国现行的相关规定大多是禁止雇主的就业歧视行为，对于雇主应有的辩护则无规范。就业歧视行为的禁止固然重要，但法律的规范不应仅仅保障一方的权益，而完全漠视另一方的权益。一个健全的就业歧视法制应兼顾劳资双方的权益，我国在制定就业歧视相关法律时，应加强在雇主合法抗辩方面的规范，以在求职者的工作平等权与雇主的经营权之间取得平衡点。
【作者简介】
饶志静，上海交通大学宪法学与行政法学专业博士生。
【注释】Hayes v. Malleable Working Men''s Club & Institute IRLR.
Webb v. Emo Air Cargo (UK) Ltd (c-32/93) IRLR 482.
P v S and Cornwall County Council, ICR 795.
Ealing London Borough Council v. Race Relations Board A. C. 342.
Vicary v British Telecommuncations plc. IRLR 680.
参见
http://www.nuxingwang.org.hk/law/uk3.html,最后访问日期:2007年10月7日。
Secretary of State for Defence v MacDonald IRLR 431.
James v. Eastleigh Borough Council 2AC 751.
R v. Birmingham CC exp EOC.
Owen & Briggs v James ICR 618.
(11)James v Eastleigh. Borough Council 2 All ER 607.
Mandla v Dowell Lee 1 All ER 1062.
R v Secretary of State for Employment, ex parte Seymour-Smith & Perez (No. 2) ICR 244.
Shamoon v Chief Constable of the Royal Ulster Constabulary 2 ALL ER 26.
Aziz v Trinity Street Taxis Ltd ICR 534.
Peake v. Automative Products QB 233.
Cast v. Croydon College IRLR 14.
Hampson v Department of Education and Science 2 All ER 25.
Lustig-Prean and Beckett v. United Kingdom ((2000) 29 EHRR 548.
HM Prison Service v Johnson IRLR 162.
【参考文献】{1}John Bowers QC, A Practical Approach to employment law (Seventh Edition), oxford university press, 2005, p. 145.
{2}郑津津.美国就业歧视法制之研究-兼论我国相关法制应有之发展{J}.台大法学论丛.2003，(4)：142.
{3}I. T. Smith, Gareth Thomas, David Mead. Industrial law, Butterworth, 2003, pp. 331-335.
{4}Deborah J. Lockton. Employment law (second edition),: Macmillan press Ltd, 1996 , p126.
{5}Erne Appelt & Monika Jarosch eds Combatting Racial Discrimination: Affirmative Action as a Model for Europe Berg Publishers, 2000, p. 166.
{6}Malcolm Sargent the law at work: a practical guide to key issues in employment law, the Cromwell press, 2003, pp. 111-116.
{7}熊金才.民事伴侣的权利与义务——英国《民事伴侣关系法》述评{J}.太平洋学报，2006，(5)：50.
{8}Michael Connolly, Townshend-Smith On Discrimination Law: Text, Cases And Materials (Second Edition), Cavendish Publishing Ltd, 2004, p. 346.
{9}{英}查尔斯·巴罗，约翰·达丁顿.
劳动法简明案例影印版·第二版{M}.武汉大学出版社，2004.202.NU38
