不远不近是一个相对的概念,不远不近的范围会随着人的关怀范围的扩大而扩大。随着我们关怀范围的扩大,越来越多原来是“陌生者”的人们会被包纳到我们的道德视线和道德思考之中,由很远的变成了不那么远的关系。正如古丁指出的那样,我们是用“社会正义”、“社会福利”、“全球正义”、“国际援助”、“人道援助”、“人类环境”、“子孙后代”这样的概念来把那些看来与我们生活无直接联系者联系到我们的群体意识之中的。古丁写道,“保护弱者的原则不仅形成了一些特殊责任(对家庭、朋友、职业服务的客户、契约关系人等等),而且还形成了对易受伤害的同胞、外国人、未来的子孙后代、动物和自然环境的相同性质的责任。”这些新的责任往往是集体的,而非个人的直接责任。例如,“第三世界的人民也许并不直接易受第一世界个人的伤害,但他们却非常容易受我们的集体伤害。”[37]明确集体性责任并不等于说个人不再负有责任,而是说个人尽责任的方式会有所变化。负有责任的群体,它的个人成员可以互相合作,共同行动。他们也可以积极参与国内和跨国公民政治,以影响有关国家或国际组织的具体政策。当集体责任集中地体现为社会制度问题时,他们更可以对制度直接提出批评。在保护弱者的集体责任中,只有伤害者和被伤害者,没有事不关己的第三者。
【注释】1. David Hume, "An Enquiry Concerning the Principle of Morals," II, i, in Enquiries, ed., L. A. Selby-Bigge. London:Oxford University Press, 1966, p. 187. 2. Sissela Bok, Lying. New York: Pantheon, 1978, p. 149. 3. Michael Ignatieff, The Needs of Strangers. New York:Elisabeth Sifton Books, Viking, 1985, p. 140. 4. Michael Walzer, The Spheres of Justice. New York: Basic Books, 1983, p. 39. 5. 7. Bobert N. Van Wyk, Introduction to Ethics. New York:St. Martin''s Press, 1989, pp, 129; 130. 6. Philip Hallie, "From Cruelty to Goodness."Hasting Center Report, 11 (June 1981), p. 25. 8. 9. 36. Avishai Margalit, The Decent Society. Trans. Naomi Goldblum. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1996, pp. 88; 1; 180-181. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 35. John Kekes, "Moral Conventionalism."American Philosophical Quarterly, 22: 1 (January 1985): 3-46, pp. 43; 38; 38; 37-8; 38; 44; 42. 16. 17. 20. 37. Robert E. Goodin, Protecting the Vulnerable:A Reanalysis of Our Social Responsibilities. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 1985, pp. 44; 44; 56; 186, 163. 18. 34. J. S. Mill, Utilitarianism. In Mill:Utilitarianism and Other Writings, ed., M. Warnock. Glasgow:Collins, 1962, Ch. 5. 19. Roscoe Pound, "Individual Interests of Substance -- Promised Advantages."Harvard Law Review, 59 (1945): 1-42, 18, 20. 22. 24. M. D. Bayles, Professional Ethics. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth, 1981, pp. 64; 69. 23. R. Wasserstrom, "Lawyers as Professionals:Some Moral Issues."Human Rights, 5 (1975): 1-24, p. 16. 25. Bernard Williams, Moral Luck. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press, 1981, p. 55. 26. 28. 30. Fred R. Dallmayr, Polis and Praxis. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press, 1984, pp. 43; 43; 10. 27. Michael Oakeshott, Rationalism in Politics and Other Essays. London: Methuen, 1974, p. 177. 29. Sheldon S. Wolin, "Hannah Arendt:Democracy and the Political." In Lewis P. Hinchman and Sandra K. Hinchman, eds., Hannah Arendt:Critical Essays. Albany, NY:State University of New York Press, 1994, p. 290.
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