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C - 25 /88, Criminal Proceedings v. Wurmser, ECR 1105, para. 18.
See C - 384 /93, Alp ine InvestmentBV v. Minister van Financien, ECR I - 1141.
G. Hertig, Regulatory Competition for EU Financial Services, Jrnal of International Economic Law, Vol. 3, Iss. 2, pp. 354, 361 - 362.
该条约第47条要求欧盟理事会制定指令以促使各成员国相互承认“专业资格文凭、证书和其他证明等”以及“各成员国有关独立劳务提供者设立和从事经营活动的法律制度”。
See Directive 73 /183 /EEC, Art. 3 ( 1). See also Directive 64 /225 /EEC, Recital ( 3) ; Directive 77 /92 /EEC, Recitals (1) and (6) ; Directive 73 /183 /EEC, Art. 3 (1) ; Directive 77 /780 /EEC, Art. 3 (2).
C - 120 /78, Rewe - Zentral v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung fürBranntwein, ECR 649. 这是一个关于货物自由流动的案件。原告系一家德国企业,拟从法国进口一种利口酒。被告德国联邦酒类产品垄断管理局允许进口这种酒,但禁止其在德国销售,理由是原告拟进口的利口酒酒精含量并未达到德国《酒类产品垄断法》规定的标准。原告认为,德国法律限制了来自其他成员国的酒类产品在德国市场上的销售,构成了货物自由流动的壁垒。据此,原告向德国黑森州财政法院提起诉讼, 后者遂请求欧洲法院就德国法律的规定是否符合《欧洲共同体条约》的要求作出初步裁决。
C - 120 /78, Rewe - Zentral v. Bundesmonopolverwaltung für Branntwein, ECR 649, para. 8
. Commission of the European Communities, Comp leting the InternalMarket: White Paper from the Commission to the European Counil, COM (85) 310 F INAL, June 14, 1985, para. 102.
Commission of the European Communities, Comp leting the InternalMarket: White Paper from the Commission to the Europe2an Counil, COM (85) 310 F INAL, June 14, 1985, paras. 77 - 79.
G. Zavvos, Banking Integration in the EuropeanMarket, Northwestern Jrnal of InternationalLaw and Business, Vol. 9, p. 574.
Single European Act, Art. 19.
See Directive 92 /96 /EEC, Recital (6) ; Directive 92 /49 /EEC, Recital (5) ; Directive 93 /22 /EEC, Recital (3) ; Directive 94 /19 /EC, Art. 4 (2) ; Directive 97 /9 /EC, Art. 7 (1).
See also Directive 2000 /12 /EC Art. 22 (11) ; Directive 2002 /83 /EC, Recitals 43, 47, 49 and 53, Art. 33, 40 (4) and 47; Directive 94 /49 /EEC, Recitals 19, 20, 24 and 29, Art. 28, 32 (4) , 41, 54 (1) ; Directive 85 /611 /EEC, Art. 6C.
监管套利是指金融机构为了降低成本或者提高收益,利用法律或者监管规则之间的差异来进行交易的行为
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