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橙剂是一种用于化学毒物武器的除草剂,因其容器的标志条纹为橙色,故名。1961至1971年间,美军在越南投洒了大量的橙剂以让敌人无处藏身。橙剂的主要成分TCDD是一种强力的致癌剂。从1984年起,超过20万名越战老兵因身受其害而提起集体诉讼。
许多美国妇女在使用Dalkon Shield公司生产的子宫内避孕器后出现骨盆腔感染等疾病。数十万妇女为此提起了诉讼,Dalkon Shield公司最后被美国家用产品公司收购,后者拿出23亿美元作为Dalkon Shield产品受害者的补偿基金。
Richard B. Cappalli and Claudio Consolo, Class Actions for Continental Europe? A Preliminary Inquiry, 6Temp.Int’l&Comp.L.J.217,Fall,1992.
见Jack B. Weinstein & Eileen B. Hershenov, The Effect of Equity on Mass Tort Law,1991U.ILL.L.REV.269,288.
例如,见W. Schwarzer, Settlement of Mass Tort Class Actions： Order Out of Chaos?(1995)80 CornellLR837。
39 F.R.D. 69,103(1966) Advisory Committee’s Note (Commenting on the 1966 Amendments to Rule23).
Richard B. Cappalli and Claudio Consolo, Class Actions for Continental Europe? A Preliminary Inquiry, 6Temp.Int’l&Comp.L.J.217,Fall,1992.
见Inre Fibreboard Corp. ,893F.2d706,712(5thCir.1990)。
GeraintHowellsandRhodaJames,LitigationintheConsumerInterest,ILSAJournalofInternationalandComparativeLaw,Fall,2002 在我国,无论是理论中还是司法实践中,都从未把代表人诉讼制度视为可以解决小额消费者争议的备选制度。
Michele Taruffo, Some Remarks on Group Litigation in Comparative Perspective, 11DukeJ.Comp.&Int’lL.405,Spring/Summer2001.
Edward F. Sherman, Consumer Class Actions： Who Are the Real Winners? 6Me.L.Rev.223,2004.
Geraint Howells and Rhoda James, Litigation in the Consumer Interest, IL SA Journal of International and Comparative Law, Fall,2002.
S.33 M. Federal Court Of Australia Act1976.
例如,在联邦地区法院审理的West Virginia v. Chas. Pfizer &Co.案中,在通过和解获得10亿美元的损害赔偿中,剩余大概3.2亿美元无人领取。在Inre Folding Carton反托拉斯诉讼中,联邦地区法院认可了20亿美元的和解,最后剩余0.8亿美元没有分配完毕。类似的,在加利福尼亚州高等法院审理的Vasquez v. Avco Financial Services案中,超过0.1亿美元的损害赔偿金没有人认领。见Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Actions, 38 HastingsL.J.729,April,1987。
E. Fisch, The Cy Pres Doctrine in the United States,§1000,at1(1950) 在集体诉讼中,“流动补偿”有时候被用作“类似的”的同义词；此外,“流动补偿”也专指类似救济制度的一种即降价。
见《元照英美法词典》,法律社,2003年。
314F.Supp.710(S.D.N.Y.1970),aff’d,440F.2d1079(2dCir.),cert.denied,404U.S.871(1971).
Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Acitons,38HastingsL.J.729,April,1987.
41Cal.3d460,715P.2d564,224 Cal. Rptr.605(1986).
No. NCC11933B ( Los Angeles Super.Ct.Apr.24,1984).
Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Acitons,38HastingsL.J.729,April,1987.
Eisenv.Carlisle&Jacquelin,417U.S.156,172n.10(1974).
2H. Newberg, Class Actions,§10.22,at385-386.
479F.2d1005,1018(2dCir.1972), vacated on other grounds,417U.S.156(1974).
见Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Acitons,38HastingsL.J.729,April,1987.
314 F. Supp.710(S.D.N.Y.1970), aff’d, 440F. 2d1079(2dCir.), cert. denied, 404U.S.871(1971). at728.
318F.2d187(D.C.Cir.),cert.denied,373U.S.913(1963),at203.
557 F. Supp. 1091( N. D.Ill.1983), aff’d,774 F. 2d1252 (7th Cir. 1984), cert. dismissed, 471U.S.1113(1985). At 1104(citations omitted).
Eisen v. Carlisle&Jacquelin,417U.S.156,172n.10(1974).
Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Acitons,38HastingsL.J.729,April,1987.
Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Acitons,38HastingsL.J.729,April,1987.
Natalie A. DeJarlais, The Consumer Trust Fund： A Cy Pres Solution to Undistributed Funds in Consumer Class Acitons,38HastingsL.J.729,April,1987.
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