19.4.1 Force Majeure
　　19.4.2 Hardship
　　19.4.3 Comparison
　19.5 General Approaches in the Studied Instruments
　　19.5.1 Approach under the CISG
　　19.5.2 Approach under the UNIDROIT Principles
　　19.5.3 Approach under the PECL
　　19.5.4 Concluding Remarks
　　Chapter 20 Force Majeure
　20.1 Introduction
　20.2 Relevant Texts
　　20.2.1 Exemptions: CISG Art. 79
　　20.2.2 Force Majeure: UPICC Art. 7.1.7
　　20.2.3 Excuse Due to an Impediment: PECL Art. 8:108
　　20.2.4 Comparison
　20.3 General Rule
　　20.3.1 Scope of Excusable Non-performance
　　20.3.2 Existence of Qualifying Impediment
　　20.3.2.1 Introduction of a new word
　　20.3.2.2 Interpretation of the word
　　20.3.2.3 Problematic situations
　　20.3.3 Conditions for Exempting Impediment
　　20.3.3.1 Beyond control
　　20.3.3.2 Unforeseeable
　　20.3.3.3 Unavoidable or insurmountable
　　20.3.3.4 Causation
　20.4 Responsibility for Third Parties
　20.5 Temporary Impediment
　20.6 Duty to Notify
　20.7 Effects
　　20.7.1 In General
　　20.7.2 Effect on Right to Damages
　　20.7.3 Effect on Right to Performance
　　20.7.4 Effect on Right to Termination
　　Chapter 21 Hardship
　21.1 Gap in the CISG?
　21.2 Interplay Between CISG Excuse and UPICC/PECL Hardship
　　21.2.1 Hardship: UPICC Arts. 6.2.1 through 6.2.3
　　21.2.2 Change of Circumstances: PECL Art. 6:111
　　21.2.3 Gap-filling Application of Hardship Provisions?
　21.3 Conditions for Invoking Hardship
　　21.3.1 In General
　　21.3.2 Crucial Point: Fundamental Alteration of Equilibrium
　　21.3.3 Additional Requirements for Hardship to Arise
　　21.3.3.1 Time factor: occurrence after conclusion
　　21.3.3.2 Unforeseeability
　　21.3.3.3 Risk not assumed
　21.4 Effects of Hardship

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